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Published by Japan Stainless Steel Association and the Nickel Development Institute, December 1998. The increasing concentration of population in cities and rapid construction of factories led to an increase in the amount of water used. The injection of chlorine into the water, for public health reasons, promoted the corrosion of steel pipes, leading to occurrences of "red water". Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride lining pipe cannot be used for supplying high- temperature hot water because of the elution of components from its surface and degradation in the mechanical properties of its hard vinyl chloride layer. Copper pipe has long been used for supplying hot water, but is subject to pitting corrosion from the increased concentration of chloride ions and sulfuric acid in the water. With the enactment of JIS standards in 1980 and Japan Water Works Association standards in 1982, stainless steel pipe has come into wide use in building piping systems, especially for hot-water service.

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